HIROSHIMA — Toshiyuki Mimaki said he remembers crying as he looked up at a blackened sunset after the nuclear bomb hit Hiroshima.
He was only three years old at the time, but he remembers the dazed and burnt survivors fleeing past his home in the countryside. He remembers heading into the city with his family, searching for his father in an apocalyptic wasteland.
Over the years he has recounted these fragmented but vivid memories to school children, to journalists, to anyone seeking to document the trauma of the hibakusha, or the atom bomb survivors. These days, they are a small and dwindling group.
“There are only a few people like us who experienced the war and the atomic bombing. We are dying,” Mimaki said, while sitting in Hiroshima’s Peace Memorial Park, where world leaders attending the G7 summit laid wreaths on Friday.
“Sooner or later, there will not be a single hibakusha. How will Japan change by then?”
It’s a fear that echoes through Japan. The world around them has changed. Japan itself has aged and its post-war miracle economy has sputtered, dwarfed by China’s market and might. An anxious Japanese public now wants greater protection from new threats knocking at their door.
The governing Liberal Democrat Party (LDP), whose hands have long been tied behind its back by voters averse to militarization, suddenly finds the knots loosening.
Prime Minister Fumio Kishida’s government is embarking on the biggest military spending spree in decades, and seeks to expand its armed forces.
Each move to militarize leaves Japan more divided over its pacifist ideals.
“The world is going through a period of turmoil right now,” Mimaki said. “Recently, Prime Minister Kishida started talking about raising the military budget. I thought: Are you going to start a war?’”
Brought to its knees by the use of atomic bombs against Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan transformed from an imperialist power into a pacifist nation in a matter of years.
Its post-war constitution, adopted in 1947 and imposed by occupying US forces, cemented this transformation. It contains a clause known as Article 9: the first paragraph renounces war, while the second promises to never maintain military forces.
The genesis of Japan’s pacifism, Article 9 is at the heart of the country’s struggle to balance the need for defense with its desire for peace. Some believe the law has weakened Japan, but others argue that to change it is to relinquish pacifism and forget the painful lessons of history.
Faced with significant public opposition, numerous leaders have tried and failed to revise Article 9. But with every security challenge, Japan’s government has succeeded in expanding its interpretation further.
The Self-Defense Forces (SDF), Japan’s answer to a military, were created in response to the Korean War and the start of the Cold War.
In the 1990s, during the first Gulf War, Japan sent the SDF on peacekeeping missions, dispatching its forces to overseas conflicts for the first time.
More recently and controversially, in the face of a rising China and unpredictable North Korea, the late prime minister Shinzo Abe pushed through laws that allowed Japanese troops to fight overseas alongside allies in self-defense.
“Pacifism is an idée fixe of the Japanese public... they are not going to abandon it,” said James D Brown, an associate professor of political science with Temple University Japan.
“Instead, there is a process of reinterpreting what pacifism means. Where once it meant opposition to the use of armed force, it now means opposition to aggression and acceptance of the use of force in the name of self-defense in a growing list of circumstances.”
Japan is once again at a turning point, facing unprecedented challenges that have stoked a fear of encirclement.
An assertive China is spending billions on its military. It has made increasingly daring moves in the South China Sea, especially against Taiwan, which sits on the doorstep of Japan’s southernmost islands.
This has fueled Japanese anxiety that should conflict break out in Taiwan, Japan would not only be pulled into a war between the US and China, but also targeted as an ally. It hosts US military bases and has the biggest concentration of troops outside America.
North Korea poses a perennial existential threat. Its nuclear ambitions have grown more alarming in the past year, with a record number of missile launches, including several that have flown over Japan.
Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and the possibility that it might use nuclear weapons - which this weekend’s G7 summit is addressing - has also spurred worries of a nuclear war. The perils of a tighter Moscow-Beijing alliance also loom.
“There is a general understanding in Japan that we are now living in a very rough neighborhood,” said Kazuto Suzuki, an international security and political science professor with the University of Tokyo.
Calls for greater militarization have long been the domain of a minority of conservatives seeking to reclaim national pride. But recent polls show the wider public warming to the idea.
More people now want a bigger and stronger SDF, from 29% in 2018 to 41.5% last year, according to government surveys. Support for Japan’s security alliance with the US has gone up to an overwhelming 90%; and 51% are in favor of amending the second part of Article 9, which stops Japan from having a military.
Even some in Hiroshima are open to it.
“Every time I hear the news about [North Korea’s] missiles, I am horrified,” said a woman who identified herself as Tanaka.
“There are cases in today’s world where people are attacked out of the blue... I wonder if it is necessary to see [the spending] as something to protect ourselves.”
This is music to the LDP’s ears. The party, whose founding principle is to advocate for constitutional reform, has always pushed for militarization, particularly under Abe. In recent years the government has also come under pressure from Washington — notably former President Donald Trump — to do more in their security alliance with the US.
“The government has always wanted to move forward with increasing capabilities in the SDF. In the past the public has been a brake,” Prof Brown says. “Now, that brake is no longer there.”
Under Kishida, Japan has purchased fighter jets, refurbished aircraft carriers, and ordered hundreds of Tomahawk missiles. He has pledged to spend 43 trillion yen ($311 billion; £250 billion) on defense in coming years.
By 2027, Japan’s military budget will account for 2% of its GDP, and become the third-largest in the world. The LDP is also once again pushing to revise the constitution to spell out the SDF’s existence and make it clear that Japan can maintain a military for self-defense.
Ironically, Kishida has long been considered a dovish figure within the LDP. With close ties to Hiroshima — his relatives died in the nuclear attack — he has advocated for a nuclear-free world.
He has even written a book on it. The choice of Hiroshima to host the G7 summit appears to be deliberate as he seeks to ram home the importance of an anti-proliferation strategy.
Kishida’s argument is that to maintain peace in Asia, Japan needs to drastically upgrade its defense. But some observers also believe that his reputation gives his government’s push to militarize a more politically acceptable sheen.
“Dovish figures can make hawkish moves because people don’t suspect their motives,” Prof Brown noted.
But even Japanese hawks don’t broach the idea of building a nuclear arsenal. Unsurprisingly that remains a forbidden topic in the only country to ever be attacked with a nuclear weapon.
Yet Japan’s pursuit of a sturdier defense has seen Abe and then Kishida cross what some consider to be red lines.
Many within Japan, and neighbors such as China, worry what other taboos the country might break in the future.
One possibility currently being debated is whether Japan should send lethal weapons to aid countries under invasion, such as Ukraine. Kishida recently visited and met Volodymyr Zelensky to pledge support. Tokyo already supplies non-lethal defense equipment to Kyiv.
This, notes Prof Suzuki, would be a “test case for Taiwan”. There are already questions over how far Japan would aid the US in a conflict with China over the island.
A more controversial idea is hosting US nuclear weapons, a proposal which shocked Japan last year when it was mooted by Abe. Public support for this option, known as nuclear sharing, is still low, and last year Kishida rejected the idea, saying it ran counter to Japan’s stance against nuclear weapons.
Still, Japan could change its mind under certain circumstances, experts say. These include South Korea gaining nuclear weapons, an increased threat from China and Russia, or if Russia uses nuclear weapons in Ukraine.
Every time Japan crosses a new red line, or mulls over taking that leap, it intensifies the struggle over its post-war identity and its commitment to pacifism.
Some argue that despite its drive to militarize, Japan’s ideals are still intact. While its pacifism may appear “seemingly inconsistent” through the years, its anti-nuclear and anti-war sentiments have remained alive, says Daisuke Akimoto, an expert on pacifism.
What is happening now is simply Japan’s “security policy strengthening in response to the changing strategic environment,” says Dr. Akimoto, an adjunct lecturer at Hosei
Prof Suzuki agrees. “I do have a trust in the Japanese intent,” he says. “I do have the belief that Japan has committed in the last 80 years to not go to war. We had a very bad experience, and we won’t do it again.”
But others are not so sure. They believe that the constant redefinition of pacifism stretches the principle to its breaking point.
“I think the way [the government] is doing it is dirty,” said Sara Ogura, a student visiting Hiroshima. “They are interpreting in such a way that it deliberately opens up opportunities for the use of force. It leads me to distrust them.”
While the government said “they have no intention of going to war now, I think they are kind of getting ready to go to war when the time comes,” said anti-nuclear weapons activist Yuna Okajima.
Some also believe the willingness to militarize is fueled by the lack of a national reckoning with Japan’s own wrongdoings. While there is mandatory “peace education” in schools that covers the two world wars, discussion about Japan’s role as the aggressor and the atrocities it committed in World War Two is often muted.
Graduate student Misuzu Kanda believes that Japan’s “negative history with other countries is sometimes covered up by the nuclear weapons issue”.
“I was born in Hiroshima prefecture. The peace education is provided mostly from the Hiroshima and Nagasaki perspective, talking about how we suffered. But at the same time, when we think about peace, I think we need to reflect back on what we did to other countries.”
Her friend, Okajima, agrees. “I think it is a kind of proof that the Japanese government is not willing to face this history. That’s why they would not teach it to young children, it’s to nurture a patriotic spirit, I assume.”
“But if we do not look at our history as perpetrators, there is a higher chance we would make the same mistake.”
Completely flattened by the atomic bomb, Hiroshima today is a tidy and picturesque city nestled among mountains, carrying few traces of its past apart from the Genbaku Dome, the only structure left standing after the attack.
Across a glittering river, at the Peace Memorial Park, lies a cenotaph honoring those who died in the nuclear attack. An inscription is carved in the marble: “Let all the souls here rest in peace, for we shall not repeat the evil”.
“The atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in the end because we started a war,” said Mimaki as he gazes at the cenotaph.
“Hiroshima was burned, Nagasaki was burned, and it was the Imperial Japanese Army that made those mistakes.”
“We mustn’t wage war again.” —BBC
